BIBLE CHAPTER STUDY
Psalms 106 — Israel's Failures and God's Steadfast Love
A community confession that recites Israel's recurring unfaithfulness while repeatedly declaring that God saved them for his name's sake, ending with a plea to gather the scattered people.
Scripture
1Praise ye Jehovah. Oh give thanks unto Jehovah; for he is good; For his lovingkindness endureth for ever.
2Who can utter the mighty acts of Jehovah, Or show forth all his praise?
3Blessed are they that keep justice, And he that doeth righteousness at all times.
4Remember me, O Jehovah, with the favor that thou bearest unto thy people; Oh visit me with thy salvation,
5That I may see the prosperity of thy chosen, That I may rejoice in the gladness of thy nation, That I may glory with thine inheritance.
6We have sinned with our fathers, We have committed iniquity, we have done wickedly.
7Our fathers understood not thy wonders in Egypt; They remembered not the multitude of thy lovingkindnesses, But were rebellious at the sea, even at the Red Sea.
8Nevertheless he saved them for his name's sake, That he might make his mighty power to be known.
9He rebuked the Red Sea also, and it was dried up: So he led them through the depths, as through a wilderness.
10And he saved them from the hand of him that hated them, And redeemed them from the hand of the enemy.
11And the waters covered their adversaries; There was not one of them left.
12Then believed they his words; They sang his praise.
13They soon forgat his works; They waited not for his counsel,
14But lusted exceedingly in the wilderness, And tempted God in the desert.
15And he gave them their request, But sent leanness into their soul.
16They envied Moses also in the camp, And Aaron the saint of Jehovah.
17The earth opened and swallowed up Dathan, And covered the company of Abiram.
18And a fire was kindled in their company; The flame burned up the wicked.
19They made a calf in Horeb, And worshipped a molten image.
20Thus they changed their glory For the likeness of an ox that eateth grass.
21They forgat God their Saviour, Who had done great things in Egypt,
22Wondrous works in the land of Ham, And terrible things by the Red Sea.
23Therefore he said that he would destroy them, Had not Moses his chosen stood before him in the breach, To turn away his wrath, lest he should destroy them.
24Yea, they despised the pleasant land, They believed not his word,
25But murmured in their tents, And hearkened not unto the voice of Jehovah.
26Therefore he sware unto them, That he would overthrow them in the wilderness,
27And that he would overthrow their seed among the nations, And scatter them in the lands.
28They joined themselves also unto Baal-peor, And ate the sacrifices of the dead.
29Thus they provoked him to anger with their doings; And the plague brake in upon them.
30Then stood up Phinehas, and executed judgment; And so the plague was stayed.
31And that was reckoned unto him for righteousness, Unto all generations for evermore.
32They angered him also at the waters of Meribah, So that it went ill with Moses for their sakes;
33Because they were rebellious against his spirit, And he spake unadvisedly with his lips.
34They did not destroy the peoples, As Jehovah commanded them,
35But mingled themselves with the nations, And learned their works,
36And served their idols, Which became a snare unto them.
37Yea, they sacrificed their sons and their daughters unto demons,
38And shed innocent blood, Even the blood of their sons and of their daughters, Whom they sacrificed unto the idols of Canaan; And the land was polluted with blood.
39Thus were they defiled with their works, And played the harlot in their doings.
40Therefore was the wrath of Jehovah kindled against his people, And he abhorred his inheritance.
41And he gave them into the hand of the nations; And they that hated them ruled over them.
42Their enemies also oppressed them, And they were brought into subjection under their hand.
43Many times did he deliver them; But they were rebellious in their counsel, And were brought low in their iniquity.
44Nevertheless he regarded their distress, When he heard their cry:
45And he remembered for them his covenant, And repented according to the multitude of his lovingkindnesses.
46He made them also to be pitied Of all those that carried them captive.
47Save us, O Jehovah our God, And gather us from among the nations, To give thanks unto thy holy name, And to triumph in thy praise.
48Blessed be Jehovah, the God of Israel, From everlasting even to everlasting. And let all the people say, Amen. Praise ye Jehovah.
What this passage means
Psalms 106 is framed as a congregational confession rather than an individual lament. The opening call to praise (vv. 1-3) and the closing doxology (v. 48) bracket a sweeping rehearsal of unfaithfulness in which the speaker says, 'We have sinned with our fathers' (v. 6), identifying personally with generations of failure. The effect is to bind present worshippers to the covenant history their ancestors shaped.
The body of the psalm is a selective tour of rebellion: forgetfulness at the Red Sea (vv. 7-12), lust in the wilderness (vv. 13-15), envy of Moses and Aaron (vv. 16-18), the golden calf at Horeb (vv. 19-23), rejection of the land (vv. 24-27), Baal-peor and Phinehas's zeal (vv. 28-31), Meribah where Moses spoke rashly (vv. 32-33), and assimilation to Canaanite worship including child sacrifice (vv. 34-39). Each episode ends with divine judgment answered by mercy, often through an intercessor.
Despite the relentless cycle of sin and wrath, the psalm's center of gravity is God's hesed, his covenant loyalty. He saved them 'for his name's sake' (vv. 8, 21), repented 'according to the multitude of his lovingkindnesses' (v. 45), and made them pitied by their captors (v. 46). The closing plea gathers these themes into a request: save us, gather us from the nations, so that we may give thanks to his holy name (v. 47). The final 'Amen' (v. 48) closes Book 4 of the Psalter.
Context
The chapter opens and closes with the formula 'for his lovingkindness endureth for ever' (vv. 1, 48), a refrain echoed in 1 Chronicles 16:34 and Psalms 105:1, situating Psalm 106 alongside the historical review of Psalms 105. The psalm assumes the reader knows the wilderness narratives it summarizes: the Red Sea crossing, the quails at Kibroth-hattaavah (implied by vv. 14-15), Dathan and Abiram's revolt, the golden calf, the spies' report, Baal-peor, and the waters of Meribah. These episodes are referenced through the cross-references to Numbers 25:6, 25:8.
The psalm's setting is exilic or post-exilic. The pairing of 'we have sinned with our fathers' (v. 6) with the plea 'gather us from among the nations' (v. 47) indicates a community already scattered, looking back on the covenant history to interpret present suffering. The closing benediction matches the doxology that concludes Book 4 of the Psalter.
Key words in the original
- H2617 chesed (חֶסֶד), 'steadfast love.' The pivotal term of Psalm 106. It appears as God's covenant loyalty that moves him to save Israel repeatedly (vv. 1, 7, 45) despite unrelenting rebellion. The psalm defines divine mercy as hesed rather than as abstract compassion.
- H0835 'ashrei (אַשְׁרֵי), 'blessed.' Used in verse 3 to describe those who keep justice and practice righteousness at all times. The term denotes the durable happiness that flows from covenant faithfulness, not circumstantial emotion.
- H3068 YHWH (יהוה), the covenant name of God rendered 'LORD' in English. The psalm repeatedly invokes this name, tying the people's sin and God's saving acts to the honor of his revealed identity (vv. 1, 2, 4, 7, 25, 47).
Related verses
- 1 Chronicles 16:34 Identical refrain to Psalm 106:1, 'O give thanks unto Jehovah; for he is good; for his lovingkindness endureth for ever.' This Davidic liturgical formula anchors the psalm's opening call to praise in Israel's ongoing worship.
- Numbers 25:6 The background for Psalm 106:28-29. Israel 'joined themselves unto Baal-peor,' provoking God to anger. The psalm treats Baal-peor as a paradigm of covenant unfaithfulness that invites divine plague.
- Numbers 25:8 The basis for Psalm 106:30-31, where Phinehas 'executed judgment' and the plague was 'stayed.' The psalm notes that this faithful zeal was 'reckoned unto him for righteousness, unto all generations for evermore,' echoing the imputation language of Genesis 15:6.
- Exodus 9:16 Key to understanding Psalm 106:7-8. God 'saved them for his name's sake, that he might make his mighty power to be known.' Exodus 9:16 supplies the theological reason: God raised up Pharaoh so that his name might be declared throughout the earth.
Common questions
Why does Psalm 106 begin and end with 'Praise ye Jehovah'?
The framing establishes the psalm as a doxological confession. Despite cataloguing Israel's repeated failures, the psalm refuses to end in despair; praise is the only adequate response to a God whose hesed endures forever (vv. 1, 48).
How does the psalm present Moses's role in Psalm 106:23?
Moses 'stood before him in the breach' to turn away God's wrath. The psalm paints him as covenant intercessor whose prayer held back destruction from the people, a pattern echoed later when Phinehas executes judgment (v. 30).
What is the relationship between Psalm 105 and Psalm 106?
Both psalms recount Israel's history, but Psalm 105 emphasizes God's faithful deeds, while Psalm 106 emphasizes the people's repeated rebellion. Together they balance divine sovereignty and human responsibility within one covenant framework.