BIBLE CHAPTER STUDY

Judges 6 — The Call of Gideon

Israel falls under seven years of Midianite oppression, cries out, and Yahweh raises up Gideon, who despite fear and self-doubt is assured of divine presence and empowered by the Spirit.

Scripture

1And the children of Israel did that which was evil in the sight of Jehovah: and Jehovah delivered them into the hand of Midian seven years.

2And the hand of Midian prevailed against Israel; and because of Midian the children of Israel made them the dens which are in the mountains, and the caves, and the strongholds.

3And so it was, when Israel had sown, that the Midianites came up, and the Amalekites, and the children of the east; they came up against them;

4and they encamped against them, and destroyed the increase of the earth, till thou come unto Gaza, and left no sustenance in Israel, neither sheep, nor ox, nor ass.

5For they came up with their cattle and their tents; they came in as locusts for multitude; both they and their camels were without number: and they came into the land to destroy it.

6And Israel was brought very low because of Midian; and the children of Israel cried unto Jehovah.

7And it came to pass, when the children of Israel cried unto Jehovah because of Midian,

8that Jehovah sent a prophet unto the children of Israel: and he said unto them, Thus saith Jehovah, the God of Israel, I brought you up from Egypt, and brought you forth out of the house of bondage;

9and I delivered you out of the hand of the Egyptians, and out of the hand of all that oppressed you, and drove them out from before you, and gave you their land;

10and I said unto you, I am Jehovah your God; ye shall not fear the gods of the Amorites, in whose land ye dwell. But ye have not hearkened unto my voice.

11And the angel of Jehovah came, and sat under the oak which was in Ophrah, that pertained unto Joash the Abiezrite: and his son Gideon was beating out wheat in the winepress, to hide it from the Midianites.

12And the angel of Jehovah appeared unto him, and said unto him, Jehovah is with thee, thou mighty man of valor.

13And Gideon said unto him, Oh, my lord, if Jehovah is with us, why then is all this befallen us? and where are all his wondrous works which our fathers told us of, saying, Did not Jehovah bring us up from Egypt? but now Jehovah hath cast us off, and delivered us into the hand of Midian.

14And Jehovah looked upon him, and said, Go in this thy might, and save Israel from the hand of Midian: have not I sent thee?

15And he said unto him, Oh, Lord, wherewith shall I save Israel? behold, my family is the poorest in Manasseh, and I am the least in my father's house.

16And Jehovah said unto him, Surely I will be with thee, and thou shalt smite the Midianites as one man.

17And he said unto him, If now I have found favor in thy sight, then show me a sign that it is thou that talkest with me.

18Depart not hence, I pray thee, until I come unto thee, and bring forth my present, and lay it before thee. And he said, I will tarry until thou come again.

19And Gideon went in, and made ready a kid, and unleavened cakes of an ephah of meal: the flesh he put in a basket, and he put the broth in a pot, and brought it out unto him under the oak, and presented it.

20And the angel of God said unto him, Take the flesh and the unleavened cakes, and lay them upon this rock, and pour out the broth. And he did so.

21Then the angel of Jehovah put forth the end of the staff that was in his hand, and touched the flesh and the unleavened cakes; and there went up fire out of the rock, and consumed the flesh and the unleavened cakes; and the angel of Jehovah departed out of his sight.

22And Gideon saw that he was the angel of Jehovah; and Gideon said, Alas, O Lord Jehovah! forasmuch as I have seen the angel of Jehovah face to face.

23And Jehovah said unto him, Peace be unto thee; fear not: thou shalt not die.

24Then Gideon built an altar there unto Jehovah, and called it Jehovah-shalom: unto this day it is yet in Ophrah of the Abiezrites.

25And it came to pass the same night, that Jehovah said unto him, Take thy father's bullock, even the second bullock seven years old, and throw down the altar of Baal that thy father hath, and cut down the Asherah that is by it;

26and build an altar unto Jehovah thy God upon the top of this stronghold, in the orderly manner, and take the second bullock, and offer a burnt-offering with the wood of the Asherah which thou shalt cut down.

27Then Gideon took ten men of his servants, and did as Jehovah had spoken unto him: and it came to pass, because he feared his father's household and the men of the city, so that he could not do it by day, that he did it by night.

28And when the men of the city arose early in the morning, behold, the altar of Baal was broken down, and the Asherah was cut down that was by it, and the second bullock was offered upon the altar that was built.

29And they said one to another, Who hath done this thing? And when they inquired and asked, they said, Gideon the son of Joash hath done this thing.

30Then the men of the city said unto Joash, Bring out thy son, that he may die, because he hath broken down the altar of Baal, and because he hath cut down the Asherah that was by it.

31And Joash said unto all that stood against him, Will ye contend for Baal? Or will ye save him? he that will contend for him, let him be put to death whilst it is yet morning: if he be a god, let him contend for himself, because one hath broken down his altar.

32Therefore on that day he called him Jerubbaal, saying, Let Baal contend against him, because he hath broken down his altar.

33Then all the Midianites and the Amalekites and the children of the east assembled themselves together; and they passed over, and encamped in the valley of Jezreel.

34But the Spirit of Jehovah came upon Gideon; and he blew a trumpet; and Abiezer was gathered together after him.

35And he sent messengers throughout all Manasseh; and they also were gathered together after him: and he sent messengers unto Asher, and unto Zebulun, and unto Naphtali; and they came up to meet them.

36And Gideon said unto God, If thou wilt save Israel by my hand, as thou hast spoken,

37behold, I will put a fleece of wool on the threshing-floor; if there be dew on the fleece only, and it be dry upon all the ground, then shall I know that thou wilt save Israel by my hand, as thou hast spoken.

38And it was so; for he rose up early on the morrow, and pressed the fleece together, and wrung the dew out of the fleece, a bowlful of water.

39And Gideon said unto God, Let not thine anger be kindled against me, and I will speak but this once: let me make trial, I pray thee, but this once with the fleece; let it now be dry only upon the fleece, and upon all the ground let there be dew.

40And God did so that night: for it was dry upon the fleece only, and there was dew on all the ground.

What this passage means

Judges 6 opens with the familiar cycle of the book: Israel does evil in Yahweh's sight, is handed over to Midian for seven years, and later cries out for deliverance. The chapter deliberately emphasizes the depth of the oppression — dens, caves, and strongholds in the mountains, locust-like invasions leaving no sustenance — to portray a people reduced to subsistence hiding. This scene sets the stage for asking whether Yahweh still acts on behalf of His covenant people.

The middle section focuses on Gideon's calling. He is threshing wheat in a winepress to hide it from the raiders when the angel of Yahweh addresses him as a 'mighty man of valor,' a title that contradicts his current activity and self-perception. Gideon's reply in verse 13 voices Israel's theology of crisis: if Yahweh is with us, why has all this happened? The chapter treats this question seriously rather than dismissing it, even while pushing toward a calling: 'Go in this thy might... have not I sent thee?' The response 'I will be with thee' is the chapter's theological center.

Verses 36-40 record two fleece signs, but the chapter deliberately embeds them within a wider framework of divine self-revelation. Fire from the rock consumes Gideon's offering, the altar is named Jehovah-shalom (peace), and the Spirit of Jehovah 'clothing' Gideon (verse 34) empowers the work. The fleece episodes, often isolated in popular reading, are part of a sequence that begins with verbal reassurance, moves through a miraculous sign, and culminates in the Spirit's empowering — a layered portrait of how God steadies a reluctant deliverer.

Context

The chapter is set in the period of the judges, after Joshua's generation, when Israel had no central king and repeatedly fell into idolatry and political subjugation. The Midianite oppression described here is unusually severe: verse 1 marks it as Yahweh's direct judgment, and verse 5 compares the invaders to locusts, a comparison echoed elsewhere in the Old Testament for overwhelming, devouring judgments. Verse 33 names the Valley of Jezreel as the staging ground for the coming battle, which will be resolved only in chapter 7.

The internal movement of the chapter moves from corporate judgment (vv. 1-10) to individual calling (vv. 11-24) to obedience tested by fear (vv. 25-32) to public mobilization empowered by the Spirit (vv. 33-35) and finally to personal doubt addressed through signs (vv. 36-40). The naming of the altar Jehovah-shalom and the renaming of Gideon as Jerubbaal form a literary pair: one affirms that Yahweh brings peace, the other exposes Baal's impotence. Both motifs prepare the reader for the victory narrative that follows.

Key words in the original

  • H7965 H7965 is the Hebrew verb behind 'Be with thee' (also 'Jehovah is with thee,' v.12) and the response 'Surely I will be with thee' (v.16). The repeated assurance of presence, not resources or status, is the theological hinge of Gideon's calling.
  • H1121 H1121 (ben, 'son') sits behind 'children of Israel' and appears again in 'son of Joash.' The recurrence of father-son language throughout the chapter frames the calling both corporately ('Israel, my son') and individually ('son of Joash, son of Abraham by faith').

Related verses

  • Joshua 1:5 Joshua 1:5 supplies the exact phrasing reused in Judges 6:16: 'As I was with Moses, so I will be with thee; I will not fail thee, nor forsake thee.' The 'I will be with thee' formula ties Gideon's calling to Moses and Joshua, marking him as a successor deliverer.
  • Genesis 22:14 Genesis 22:14 names the altar Jehovah-jireh ('Yahweh will provide'). Judges 6:24 names another altar Jehovah-shalom ('Yahweh is peace'). Together the two compound names form a thematic pair: provision and peace flow from the same covenant God.
  • Exodus 3:11 Exodus 3:11 records Moses' objection 'Who am I, that I should go unto Pharaoh?' Judges 6:15 mirrors this with 'my family is the poorest in Manasseh, and I am the least in my father's house.' The shared pattern of self-diminishing objection followed by divine reassurance is a deliberate literary echo.

Common questions

Why does Gideon complain that God has cast Israel off if he believes in Yahweh at all?

Gideon's question in verse 13 is not atheism but covenant complaint, a permitted form of address in Israel's psalter and prophets. He measures present suffering against the remembered exodus wonders and finds a gap. The chapter treats this as honest faith under pressure, not unbelief, and answers it with presence: 'I will be with thee.'

Are the two fleece signs in verses 37-40 evidence of weak faith?

The text presents them honestly as signs requested by a cautious deliverer, and explicitly anticipates God's anger (v.39). They are not the foundation of Gideon's faith — verse 14's call and verse 16's promise already ground it — but additional confirmation for a man repeatedly told to act before he sees results. The chapter frames both signs within a series of divine self-revelations, not as substitutes for them.

What does the renaming of Gideon as Jerubbaal signify?

Joash names his son Jerubbaal in 6:32 to expose Baal: if Baal is truly a god, let him defend his own broken altar. The new name publicly transfers the contest from Baal's worshipers to Baal himself and previews the victory over Baal-linked powers that the rest of the Gideon narrative portrays.

Continue studying

HomeDiscoverStudyReadMe