BIBLE CHAPTER STUDY
Exodus 34 — The Renewed Covenant and the Shining Face
After the golden calf incident, the LORD commands Moses to hew new stone tablets and meets him again on Sinai, proclaiming His character of mercy and justice. The covenant is renewed with its ceremonial requirements, and Moses descends with a radiant face that the people cannot bear to look upon.
Scripture
1And Jehovah said unto Moses, Hew thee two tables of stone like unto the first: and I will write upon the tables the words that were on the first tables, which thou brakest.
2And be ready by the morning, and come up in the morning unto mount Sinai, and present thyself there to me on the top of the mount.
3And no man shall come up with thee; neither let any man be seen throughout all the mount; neither let the flocks nor herds feed before that mount.
4And he hewed two tables of stone like unto the first; and Moses rose up early in the morning, and went up unto mount Sinai, as Jehovah had commanded him, and took in his hand two tables of stone.
5And Jehovah descended in the cloud, and stood with him there, and proclaimed the name of Jehovah.
6And Jehovah passed by before him, and proclaimed, Jehovah, Jehovah, a God merciful and gracious, slow to anger, and abundant in lovingkindness and truth;
7keeping lovingkindness for thousands, forgiving iniquity and transgression and sin; and that will by no means clear the guilty, visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children, and upon the children's children, upon the third and upon the fourth generation.
8And Moses made haste, and bowed his head toward the earth, and worshipped.
9And he said, If now I have found favor in thy sight, O Lord, let the Lord, I pray thee, go in the midst of us; for it is a stiffnecked people; and pardon our iniquity and our sin, and take us for thine inheritance.
10And he said, Behold, I make a covenant: before all thy people I will do marvels, such as have not been wrought in all the earth, nor in any nation; and all the people among which thou art shall see the work of Jehovah; for it is a terrible thing that I do with thee.
11Observe thou that which I command thee this day: behold, I drive out before thee the Amorite, and the Canaanite, and the Hittite, and the Perizzite, and the Hivite, and the Jebusite.
12Take heed to thyself, lest thou make a covenant with the inhabitants of the land whither thou goest, lest it be for a snare in the midst of thee:
13but ye shall break down their altars, and dash in pieces their pillars, and ye shall cut down their Asherim
14(for thou shalt worship no other god: for Jehovah, whose name is Jealous, is a jealous God);
15lest thou make a covenant with the inhabitants of the land, and they play the harlot after their gods, and sacrifice unto their gods, and one call thee and thou eat of his sacrifice;
16and thou take of their daughters unto thy sons, and their daughters play the harlot after their gods, and make thy sons play the harlot after their gods.
17Thou shalt make thee no molten gods.
18The feast of unleavened bread shalt thou keep. Seven days thou shalt eat unleavened bread, as I commanded thee, at the time appointed in the month Abib; for in the month Abib thou camest out from Egypt.
19All that openeth the womb is mine; and all thy cattle that is male, the firstlings of cow and sheep.
20And the firstling of an ass thou shalt redeem with a lamb: and if thou wilt not redeem it, then thou shalt break its neck. All the first-born of thy sons thou shalt redeem. And none shall appear before me empty.
21Six days thou shalt work, but on the seventh day thou shalt rest: in plowing time and in harvest thou shalt rest.
22And thou shalt observe the feast of weeks, even of the first-fruits of wheat harvest, and the feast of ingathering at the year's end.
23Three times in the year shall all thy males appear before the Lord Jehovah, the God of Israel.
24For I will cast out nations before thee, and enlarge thy borders: neither shall any man desire thy land, when thou goest up to appear before Jehovah thy God three times in the year.
25Thou shalt not offer the blood of my sacrifice with leavened bread; neither shall the sacrifice of the feast of the passover be left unto the morning.
26The first of the first-fruits of thy ground thou shalt bring unto the house of Jehovah thy God. Thou shalt not boil a kid in its mother's milk.
27And Jehovah said unto Moses, Write thou these words: for after the tenor of these words I have made a covenant with thee and with Israel.
28And he was there with Jehovah forty days and forty nights; he did neither eat bread, nor drink water. And he wrote upon the tables the words of the covenant, the ten commandments.
29And it came to pass, when Moses came down from mount Sinai with the two tables of the testimony in Moses' hand, when he came down from the mount, that Moses knew not that the skin of his face shone by reason of his speaking with him.
30And when Aaron and all the children of Israel saw Moses, behold, the skin of his face shone; and they were afraid to come nigh him.
31And Moses called unto them; and Aaron and all the rulers of the congregation returned unto him: and Moses spake to them.
32And afterward all the children of Israel came nigh: and he gave them in commandment all that Jehovah had spoken with him in mount Sinai.
33And when Moses had done speaking with them, he put a veil on his face.
34But when Moses went in before Jehovah to speak with him, he took the veil off, until he came out; and he came out, and spake unto the children of Israel that which he was commanded.
35And the children of Israel saw the face of Moses, that the skin of Moses' face shone; and Moses put the veil upon his face again, until he went in to speak with him.
What this passage means
The chapter's theological center is the self-proclamation in verses 6–7, where the LORD 'passed by' Moses and named Himself: 'Jehovah, Jehovah, a God merciful and gracious, slow to anger, and abundant in lovingkindness and truth; keeping lovingkindness for thousands, forgiving iniquity and transgression and sin; and that will by no means clear the guilty.' This formula balances covenant faithfulness with accountability, pairing forgiveness with the visiting of iniquity 'upon the third and upon the fourth generation.' The repetition of the divine name emphasizes that this self-disclosure is the foundation for any renewed relationship after the apostasy of the golden calf.
Verses 10–26 restate the terms of the covenant in concentrated form: the exclusive worship of the LORD (no other gods, no molten images, no treaty with the inhabitants of the land), the prescribed feasts (unleavened bread, weeks, ingathering), the redemption of the firstborn, and the prohibition of leaven with the Passover blood. The presence of these stipulations alongside the divine self-revelation shows that mercy does not abolish obedience but re-establishes it on a fresh basis.
The closing portrait of Moses with a shining face (vv. 29–35) functions as a visible sign of the renewed covenant. Because Moses 'knew not that the skin of his face shone,' the radiance is not self-generated but a byproduct of speaking with the LORD. The veil Moses places over his face regulates the people's access to this glory: he removes it when speaking with the LORD and resumes it when addressing Israel, framing the mediated character of the old covenant revelation.
Context
The chapter presupposes the broken first tablets and the golden calf apostasy that precedes it. After Moses ground the calf, returned to the LORD, and proclaimed 'make a covenant,' the LORD commands him to ascend Sinai again with newly hewn tablets. The chapter is set entirely at Sinai: the descent of the LORD in the cloud, the forty days and forty nights without food or water (v. 28), and the writing of 'the words of the covenant, the ten commandments' (v. 28) all frame the encounter as a covenant-renewal event rather than a new lawgiving.
The closing verses (29–35) bridge the Sinai revelation to Israel's ongoing life. The people's fear at Moses' shining face, and the practice of veiling and unveiling, form the literary setting for later reflection on the glory of the old covenant ministry. The chapter note supplied for Exodus 34 is a backfill note covering Exodus chapters outside the P0/P1 priority set, and does not add thematic claims beyond indicating that this chapter is part of the broader Exodus backfill.
Key words in the original
- H3068 The divine name יהוה (yhwh), rendered 'LORD' in many English versions, appears repeatedly in this chapter as the covenant God who both proclaims mercy and executes judgment.
- H3871 The noun לוּחַ (luḥōṯ, 'tablets') denotes polished stone slabs. In Exodus 34 the word is reused for the replacement tablets Moses hews to match the first set.
- H7665 The verb שָׁבַר (šāḇar, 'break') is used in verse 1 for Moses' breaking of the first tablets, supplying the background reason why new tablets must be hewn.
Related verses
- Psalms 86:15 The divine self-description 'merciful and gracious, slow to anger, and abundant in lovingkindness and truth' in Psalm 86:15 echoes the formula proclaimed in Exodus 34:6, identifying the same covenant character.
- Joel 2:13 Joel 2:13 reuses the same formula to call Israel to repentance, showing that the Exodus 34 revelation becomes a paradigm for returning to the LORD.
- Numbers 14:17 Numbers 14:17 invokes the same Exodus 34:6 formula as Moses intercedes for Israel after the spies' report, demonstrating how the Sinai self-revelation shaped later intercessory prayers.
Common questions
Why does Exodus 34 open with the command to hew new tablets?
The new tablets replace the first set that Moses broke after the golden calf incident. The LORD promises to write the same words on them, framing the chapter as a covenant renewal rather than a new lawgiving.
What is the significance of the LORD 'passing by' Moses and proclaiming His name?
It is a formal self-disclosure that defines the character of the God of the covenant: merciful and gracious, yet not clearing the guilty. This declaration sets the terms for forgiveness and accountability in the renewed covenant.
Why does Moses' face shine, and why does he veil it?
The chapter states that Moses did not know his face shone, indicating the radiance resulted from speaking with the LORD. The veil regulates the people's access to this glory: Moses removes it before the LORD and resumes it when speaking to Israel.